Hydrogen Production, Storage, Transportation and Applications

The current global demand of hydrogen is 70 million metric ton per year in terms of energy it is around 330 million.
Most of the hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels ( 76% form natural gas, 23% from coal and remaining from electrolysis of water ) which consumes 6% of global natural gas and 2% of global coal, result in CO₂ emission of 830 Mt per year.
Most of CO2 is not captured, only 130 Mt is captured and used in fertilizer industry.
The production of hydrogen from non fossil fuel will increase and greater renewable deployment.
Depending upon feedstock is used, hydrogen production can be reforming, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, electrolysis or photolysis.
However the most widely used method for hydrogen production includes steam methane reforming, methanol reforming, gasification, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, auto thermal reforming, coal gasification, electrolysis of water and thermochemical processes.
The production of hydrogen by biomass gasification and photocatalytic or photoelectrochemical is at research level.
Partial oxidation of oil produces large quantities of hydrogen and it is efficient method.

Applications of Hydrogen

Hydrogen is importance raw materials for chemical industry, petroleum refining, food processing, metal processing etc.
It is also used in hydrotreatment process like hydrodesulphurization, hydro-denitrogenating and hydrocracking processes.
Most of the hydrogen produced is used for oil refining ( 33% ), ammonia ( 27% ), methanol production ( 11% ) and steel production ( 3% ) and others. The cost of hydrogen production as per MNRE analysis is given here.

Methos of hydrogen production	Rs per Kg
Steam Methane Reforming	150
Coal gasification	245
Biomass gasification	258
Biomass microbial	813
Electrolyzer Alkaline	433